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Katharina Nothelfer, Philippe J. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Armelle Phalipon. A large, Y-shaped protein that is produced by B cells. Immunoglobulins exist in a membrane-bound form as B cell receptors or are secreted as antibodies. Finally differentiated B cells that have the main function of producing and secreting antibodies. Each plasma cell produces antibodies of one specificity.
They can be functionally distinguished by the antibody isotype and their half-life. Finally differentiated B cells that are long-lived and can be quickly reactivated to differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells following secondary exposure to their specific antigen. These receptors are expressed by several innate immune cells and bind to the constant region of antibodies.
Antibody binding can result in phagocytosis of immune complexes or stimulation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Molecules that are expressed by groups of pathogens and are recognized by a range of pattern recognition receptors on immune cells. Proteins that are expressed by immune cells and recognize a range of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Lymphoid structures that are formed during an immune response and that are dedicated to the maturation and continuous selection of B cells.
T cells and dendritic cells cooperate with B cells in GCs to generate protective immunity. A molecular process that results in the introduction of selected mutations in immunoglobulin variable regions, thereby adapting antibodies to their respective antigen by increasing affinity and specificity. A molecular process used to change the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, thereby changing antibody effector functions but not affecting the antigen-binding site.
B cells that exert a regulatory function by the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin Regulatory B cells seem to correspond to several cytokine-secreting plasma cells that are able to suppress inflammation and protective T cell responses. Antigens that promote nonspecific, polyclonal activation of lymphocytes. T cell superantigens result in massive pro-inflammatory cytokine release and increased helper T cell functions.
B cell superantigens often bind to the constant regions of the immunoglobulin and thereby result in B cell maturation into effector cells independent of B cell receptor specificity.
Mature, non-circulating B cells found in the marginal zone of the spleen that are associated with polyclonal B cell responses and the secretion of antibodies of low affinity and specificity. As part of innate immune responses, the complement system helps to clear pathogens. It requires antigen—antibody complexes for activation and induces a proteolytic cascade that results in membrane lysis of target-cell membranes or in the release of cytokines, which contribute to the recruitment of phagocytic cells.
The tonsil is the main lymphoid organ of the aerodigestive tract. B cells produce antibodies, or Y-shaped chromosomes that are created by the immune system to stop foreign substances from harming the body. B cells have B cell receptors BCRs on their surface, which they use to bind to a specific protein. Once the B cells bind to this protein, called an antigen, they release antibodies that stick to the antigen and prevent it from harming the body.
Then, the B cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells. The T cells destroy the antigens. When infectious agents, such as bacteria, enter the body, pieces of their machinery can be visible on the surface of their cells. These pieces are called antigens, and B cells activate when they encounter and recognize antigens. Once the cell binds to the antigens, activation begins. The isolation protocol does not disturb these receptors or skew the isolated population.
B cells recognize infectious agents by the shape of the antigens on their surfaces. The cells descended from a single B cell produce the same antibodies and remember the invader and antigens that led to their formation.
This memory means that B cells produce the antibodies that counteracted the original antigen, protecting the immune system from a second attack. If the mutations result in an antibody that more strongly binds to their targets then these B cells will survive and may differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells with the new specificity. Register Log in. Paul A. Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an antibody molecule composed of two heavy chains and two light chains.
Both the heavy chain and the light chain comprise a variable and a constant region. The variable regions are responsible for binding of a specific protein called an antigen.
Figure 2.
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