Three-syllable word with middle syllable stress, and again, we have an AH vowel followed by a nasal consonant N. Montan— Montana. And a schwa in the final unstressed syllable.
The capital of Montana is Helena. First syllable stress, the EH as in bed vowel, and then two schwas, Hel— le— na— Helena. Three-syllable word with middle syllable stress. We have schwas in the two unstressed syllables. The capital of Nebraska is Lincoln.
In this case, the soft palate. Coln— Lincoln. Nevada, or Nevada. Carson City. Now, this state name is interesting. I went to Youglish. In both pronunciations, the unstressed syllables are the same. They have the schwas: Ne— Nevada. The capital is Carson City. A two-word capital name. We have stress on the first syllable of Carson, and the first syllable of City.
City has a Flap T, and the primary stress will be on the stressed syllable of the last word. In this case, Ci— Carson City.
Aaahhh— Carson City. New Hampshire. Two-word state name, three syllables, and stress is on the middle syllable, the stressed syllable of Hampshire. You can just say: Hampshire, Hampshire. No one is probably going to notice that and call you out on it. So to simplify, think about dropping that P. The capital of New Hampshire is Concord.
However, I have noticed a few people will put the AW as in Law vowel, followed by R, still make it unstressed though, that would sound like: Concord, but I would say stick with: Concord.
New Jersey. That is our stressed syllable here. The capital of New Jersey is Trenton. This is a little bit tricky. Chr— Chr— Trenton. The second T is in the sequence T schwa N, and in this sequence, most native speakers make this a Stop T. That would be: Trenon. Trent— stop the air in your nose: Trent— nn— Trenton. New Mexico.
Santa Fe. Four syllables with second syllable stress. The capital of New Mexico is Santa Fe. Now, here we have a T after an N. That can either be a light true T: Santa. So Fe— will be the most stressed there. New York. Two syllable word, second syllable stress.
We have the AW as in Law vowel followed by the R consonant. The capital of New York is Albany. AW as in Law, followed by the dark L. Al— Al— Albany. North Carolina. The most stressed syllable is the stressed syllable of Carolina, which is the third syllable of that. The fourth syllable of this state name, North Carolina. This can be tricky. Aw, aw, awrt.
Unvoiced TH at the end of that. The tongue tip must come through the teeth quickly, lightly before coming back into the mouth for the K sound. Ra— leigh— Raleigh. North Dakota. Ko— is the most stressed syllable there, and notice we have a flap T because the T comes between two vowels. The capital of North Dakota is Bismarck. Stress on the first syllable and the letter S there is pronounced as a Z. So the IPA of this state name is really long. Middle syllable is stressed.
The capital of Ohio is Columbus. Three syllable word with middle syllable stress. Oklahoma City. Secondary stress on the first syllable and primary stress on the third syllable. Two OH diphthongs in our stressed syllables. The other two syllables have the schwa. And the capital of Oklahoma is Oklahoma City. Flap T in City. Three syllable word with first syllable stress. The capital of Oregon is Salem. Secondary stress on the first syllable and primary on the third.
AY diphthong in the stressed syllable. If you look the word Pennsylvania up in a dictionary, you might see a different pronunciation. But you might hear that, you might see that. Pennsylvania, or more commonly, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. The capital of Pennsylvania is Harrisburg. It instead sounds like the EH as in bed vowel. Harr— Harrisburg. Rhode Island. Compound word, a two-word state name, stress is always on the stressed syllable of the last word.
That would be the syllable, Is— Island. Notice the S in Island is silent. It does have the schwa. Land— Land— Rhode Island. The capital of Rhode Island is Providence. South Carolina. We had two North states. Now, we have two South States. Again, tricky because we have that unvoiced TH where the tongue tip must come through the teeth. OW diphthong plus the unvoiced TH, and then the tongue tip goes back into the mouth, and the back of the tongue lifts for the K.
South Kk—. Stress is on Li— South Carolina. The capital of South Carolina is Columbia. Very similar to Columbus, the capital of Ohio, but here, Columbia, four syllables, second syllable stress. Co— Co— Columbia. South Dakota. And now, South Dakota. Dakota with a Flap T because it comes between two vowels.
Stress on the middle syllable there. The capital of South Dakota is Pierre. A two-syllable word with second syllable stress.
Secondary stress on the first syllable and primary stress on the last syllable. A schwa in the middle. The capital of Tennessee is Nashville. It has the AA as in bat vowel. Na— Nash— Nashville. Two syllable word with first syllable stress. The letter X here makes the KS cluster.
The capital of Texas is Austin. AW as in law vowel in the first stressed syllable. Salt Lake City. The T here is an exception to the rule. Now, we have a three word state capital. Just like with all compound words, the main stress is on the stressed syllable of the last word. Cit— City. I go right into the next word without releasing. And city with a Flap T. Two-syllable word with second syllable stress. And I am making that a Stop T sound. You might also hear it lightly released as a True T.
The capital of Vermont is Montpelier. You know, this is the first name of one of my best friends from growing up. She went by the name Ginny. The capital of Virginia is Richmond. Try not to even make a vowel: mond— mond— Richmond. And there is a True T there in the final syllable. I wrote Rachel on my papers, my standardized tests, and even begged my parents to change my name for the better part of second grade.
Interestingly, Saili is not as common in other parts of the country—thought I learned in graduate school that people in the city of Kangra associate the name with sacred or holy basil. It was my mother who chose the name for me and subsequently my sister, Shefali, as the names of two flowers that grow in Maharashtra: the Saili flower, a white jasmine flower and the Shefali flower, the night jasmine. These names hold meaning and connection to our cultural and linguistic heritage as Marathis.
The article outlines the history of the practices associated with renaming for ease and comfort. This renaming, I argue, is an erasure of what are often beautiful and deeply cultural and historic ties to our ancestors and families. There is erasure when names are mispronounced—like the severing of a long rope that links us to our past. Beyond that, there is also anger, confusion and pain. Mispronunciation, in my experience, seems to pattern itself across several types of offenders, though this is by no means exhaustive:.
Sherman followed a two-source rule: He phoned city halls, libraries, local journalists and other sources to confirm his pronunciations. This is how the locals spot strangers at the corner convenience store, right? If they haven't already spied your out-of-county license plates, they've definitely pegged you if you didn't pronounce, say, "Tripoli" as "trih-POE-luh. Sherman's guide includes the occasional case of multiple pronunciations when even the locals are conflicted.
Sherman also was inspired by the example of the late Charles Black, an agriculture professor at Iowa State University in Ames who helped WOI compile a voluminous guide to classical music pronunciations that remains an industry standard available online. The Iowa pronunciation guide has accumulated more than 40 names and isn't limited to towns. Sherman already has strayed into geographical features such as western Iowa's Loess "luss" Hills.
You can listen here. Here's a short list of what's in process: Rolfe pronounced 'rawlf' ; Moscow there are different opinions ; Delmar we're working on it! Stay tuned!
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